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Ahiram sarcophagus
The Ahiram sarcophagus (also spelled Ahirom) was the sarcophagus of a Phoenician king of Byblos (ca. 1000 BC),〔The date remains the subject of controversy, according to Glenn E. Markoe, "The Emergence of Phoenician Art" ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'' No. 279 (August 1990):13-26) p. 13. "Most scholars have taken the Ahiram inscription to date from around 1000 B.C.E.", notes Edward M. Cook, "On the Linguistic Dating of the Phoenician Ahiram Inscription (KAI 1)", ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'' 53.1 (January 1994:33-36) p. 33 (JSTOR ). Cook analyses and dismisses the date in the thirteenth century adopted by C. Garbini, "Sulla datazione della'inscrizione di Ahiram", ''Annali'' (Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples) 37 (1977:81-89), which was the prime source for early dating urged in Arguments for a mid 9th -8th century B.C.E. date for the sarcophagus reliefs themselves—and hence the inscription, too— were made on the basis of comparative art history and archaeology by Edith Porada, "Notes on the Sarcophagus
of Ahiram," ''Journal of the Ancient Near East Society'' 5 (1973:354-72); and on the basis of paleography among other points by Ronald Wallenfels, "Redating the Byblian Inscriptions," ''Journal of the Ancient Near East Society'' 15 (1983:79-118).〕 discovered in 1923 by the French excavator Pierre Montet in tomb V of the royal necropolis of Byblos. Ahirom is not attested in any other Ancient Oriental source.
The sarcophagus is famed for its bas relief carvings, and its Phoenician language inscription. One of five known Byblian royal inscriptions, the inscription is considered to be the earliest known example of the fully developed Phoenician alphabet.〔Cook, p1〕 For some scholars it represents the ''terminus ad quem'' of the transmission of the alphabet to Europe.〔
==Discovery==
The sarcophagus was found following a landslide in the cliffs surrounding Byblos (in now modern-day Lebanon) in late 1923, which revealed a number of Phoenician royal tombs. The tomb of Ahirom was ten metres deep.〔René Cagnat, Nouvelles Archéologiques, Syria 4 (1923): 334–344〕〔Pierre Montet, "Les fouilles de Byblos en 1923," L’Illustration 3 (May 3, 1924), 402–405.〕〔(Calligraphy and Craftsmanship in the Ahirom inscription. Considerations on skilled linear flat writing in early first millennium Byblos, Reinhard G. Lehmann )〕
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